{"id":303,"date":"2022-05-26T20:01:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-26T20:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/?page_id=303"},"modified":"2022-06-27T02:36:47","modified_gmt":"2022-06-27T02:36:47","slug":"el-colapso-de-la-economia-formal-en-venezuela-y-el-auge-de-las-actividades-ilicitas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/el-colapso-de-la-economia-formal-en-venezuela-y-el-auge-de-las-actividades-ilicitas\/","title":{"rendered":"EL COLAPSO DE LA ECONOM\u00cdA FORMAL EN VENEZUELA Y EL AUGE DE LAS ACTIVIDADES IL\u00cdCITAS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"303\" class=\"elementor elementor-303\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-213691f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"213691f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b8903d8\" data-id=\"b8903d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a2436b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9a2436b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Frame2-pp7oi7238ptiut8y2uqxvg4ndc0b06qfd1kajkya58.png\" title=\"Frame2\" alt=\"Frame2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3524309 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3524309\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>CAP\u00cdTULO 1<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-984327b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"984327b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a285038\" data-id=\"a285038\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-635bd4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"635bd4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">EL DECLIVE DE LA ECONOM\u00cdA FORMAL Y EL AUGE DE LAS ACTIVIDADES IL\u00cdCITAS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e66c0bd elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e66c0bd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-83ae5d6\" data-id=\"83ae5d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9072a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9072a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">COMPARTE<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8c3f79c\" data-id=\"8c3f79c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdec435 e-grid-align-left e-grid-align-mobile-center elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"cdec435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-fd000c1\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/NoMasGuiso\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-5f4510d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TransparenciaVenezuela\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-f3e8c9d\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/nomasguiso\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485d9e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485d9e0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-010f069\" data-id=\"010f069\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-983a4de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"983a4de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\"><div class=\"section\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>Durante la mayor parte de la gestio\u0301n del presidente Hugo Cha\u0301vez (1999 \u2013 2013), el precio del petro\u0301leo venezolano se mantuvo al alza y llego\u0301 a superar los USD 100 por barril, presentando un aumento de alrededor de 525% (Ecoanali\u0301tica, 2018). Este comportamiento permitio\u0301 el incremento desmesurado del gasto pu\u0301blico en programas sociales, con el objetivo de mantener apoyos poli\u0301ticos y crear un sentido de lealtad entre la poblacio\u0301n y el gobierno.<\/p><p>Adema\u0301s, en medio del boom petrolero, muchos funcionarios de diferentes entes pu\u0301blicos aprovecharon para burlar leyes nacionales e internacionales y cometer innumerables actos de corrupcio\u0301n que provocaron un desfalco sin precedentes en Venezuela y condujeron a la emergencia humanitaria compleja en la que cayo\u0301 el pai\u0301s al menos en 2015. Pese a que la justicia venezolana no ha anunciado procesos por todos esos casos, investigaciones de Transparencia Venezuela revelan que tribunales de ma\u0301s de 22 pai\u0301ses han abierto 116 causas vinculadas con la corrupcio\u0301n venezolana que involucran ma\u0301s de USD 64.000 millones.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-513c448 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"513c448\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eda372f\" data-id=\"eda372f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60eb0b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60eb0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\nENTRE 1999 Y 2013 EL PRECIO<br> DEL PETR\u00d3LEO VENEZOLANO<br><strong> PRESENT\u00d3 UN AUMENTO<br>\nDE ALREDEDOR DE 525%<\/strong> <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e425a4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8e425a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9eeb03b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9eeb03b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a28d65f\" data-id=\"a28d65f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc73e57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc73e57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 2\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Como consecuencia del terrible manejo de la industria petrolera durante estos an\u0303os, la cai\u0301da en la produccio\u0301n, el desplome de los precios del crudo en el an\u0303o 2013 y la corrupcio\u0301n campante, la principal fuente de ingresos de Venezuela se vio pra\u0301cticamente fulminada. Para el an\u0303o 2018, los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opec.org\/opec_web\/static_files_project\/media\/downloads\/publications\/MOMR%20February%202019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ingresos petroleros<\/a> tan solo representaban alrededor de 14% de lo que representaban en 2012. La situacio\u0301n se volvio\u0301 au\u0301n ma\u0301s complicada a partir de 2017 con la imposicio\u0301n de <a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/system\/files\/126\/13808.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sanciones econo\u0301micas<\/a> por parte del gobierno de los Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n<p>Aunado a esto, la cai\u0301da de la produccio\u0301n petrolera hizo insostenible la captacio\u0301n de renta por medio del diferencial cambiario. A trave\u0301s de los distintos esquemas de subsidio cambiario entre 2005 y 2018, se estima que el sector pu\u0301blico no petrolero fue capaz de captar alrededor de USD 73.666 millones, mientras que el sector privado percibio\u0301 USD 149.314 millones (Ecoanali\u0301tica, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>En este contexto de asfixia econo\u0301mica, se hizo vital para los captadores de renta, grupos corruptos enquistados en instituciones del Estado, encontrar alternativas que sustituyeran los ingresos asociados al sector petrolero y al diferencial cambiario. Por esto, industrias ili\u0301citas como el contrabando de gasolina, el tra\u0301fico de drogas, los cobros ilegales en los puertos y el comercio ilegal del oro se convirtieron en el nuevo foco de estas redes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3452603 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3452603\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52f5a7a\" data-id=\"52f5a7a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-991ef68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"991ef68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/economias-ilicitas-en-venezuelaimg2-1024x704.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-304\" alt=\"EL COLAPSO DE LA ECONOM\u00cdA FORMAL EN VENEZUELA Y EL AUGE DE LAS ACTIVIDADES IL\u00cdCITAS\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/economias-ilicitas-en-venezuelaimg2-1024x704.png 1024w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/economias-ilicitas-en-venezuelaimg2-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/economias-ilicitas-en-venezuelaimg2-768x528.png 768w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/economias-ilicitas-en-venezuelaimg2.png 1088w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d30b5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d30b5f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f20386\" data-id=\"7f20386\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-497a949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"497a949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tambi\u00e9n te puede interesar\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f56131 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f56131\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5958db\" data-id=\"d5958db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ea630a elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"8ea630a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#gruposcriminales\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame4.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-24\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame4.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame4-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#gruposcriminales\">GRUPOS CRIMINALES<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8d21\" data-id=\"dfd8d21\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b3977f elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"6b3977f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#arcominero\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame3.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-23\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame3.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame3-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#arcominero\">ARCO MINERO<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b2abe9\" data-id=\"1b2abe9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2de673 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"c2de673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#economias-ilicitas2\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame6.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-31\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame6.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame6-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#economias-ilicitas2\">REGIONES<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33a5868\" data-id=\"33a5868\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da48de5 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"da48de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#ladesinformacion\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame7.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-32\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame7.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame7-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#ladesinformacion\">DESINFORMACI\u00d3N<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37e7578\" data-id=\"37e7578\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65bde36 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"65bde36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#fuentasilicitas\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame8.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame8.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame8-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#fuentasilicitas\">L\u00cdCITOS E IRREGULARES<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9e05f9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9e05f9c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487076e\" data-id=\"487076e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9e4c8b elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"f9e4c8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#economias-ilicitas3\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame9.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-34\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame9.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame9-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#economias-ilicitas3\">REDES CRIMINALES<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3ca87d\" data-id=\"c3ca87d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e7f355 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5e7f355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#economias-ilicitas4\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame10.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-35\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame10.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame10-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#economias-ilicitas4\">V\u00cdCTIMAS<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d74626\" data-id=\"0d74626\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-057d20b elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"057d20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#mapas\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame12.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-37\" alt=\"mapas\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame12.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame12-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#mapas\">MAPAS<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e4f27b\" data-id=\"8e4f27b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9a11bb elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"b9a11bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#fotosyvideos\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame11.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-36\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame11.png 588w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame11-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#fotosyvideos\">FOTOS Y VIDEOS<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9bcd520\" data-id=\"9bcd520\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-306bc82 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"306bc82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#anexos\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"970\" height=\"708\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/anexos.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-173\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/anexos.png 970w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/anexos-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/anexos-768x561.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/#anexos\">ANEXOS<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4365cea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4365cea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a0f22\" data-id=\"d2a0f22\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24ae0d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"24ae0d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"88\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Captura-de-Pantalla-2022-05-23-a-las-13.42.07-1024x113.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-110\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Captura-de-Pantalla-2022-05-23-a-las-13.42.07-1024x113.png 1024w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Captura-de-Pantalla-2022-05-23-a-las-13.42.07-300x33.png 300w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Captura-de-Pantalla-2022-05-23-a-las-13.42.07-768x85.png 768w, https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Captura-de-Pantalla-2022-05-23-a-las-13.42.07.png 1468w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f99ebe elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-6433 elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f99ebe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 4\"><div class=\"layoutArea\"><div class=\"column\"><p>TRANSPARENCIA VENEZUELA<br \/>Junio 2022<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e79dbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e79dbd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1cf3f83\" data-id=\"1cf3f83\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eb6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-8871 elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9eb6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Cap-2-Agentes-criminales-interacciones-oscuras.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/portadilla-cap-2-qakwxk7ow91qzhgwjr5n73b1on12x3ftk4x1f0cc5w.png\" title=\"portadilla cap 2\" alt=\"portadilla cap 2\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25fcb5\" data-id=\"a25fcb5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-979d029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"979d029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><b>ECONOM\u00cdAS IL\u00cdCITAS<br><\/b>AL AMPARO DE LA<br>CORRUPCI\u00d3N<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e6eaa1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e6eaa1f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-069800e\" data-id=\"069800e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2245c45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2245c45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ECONOMIAS-ILICITAS-EN-VENEZUELACapitulo1.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"88\" height=\"110\" src=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Frame16.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-120\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbd6c0\" data-id=\"dfbd6c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fa740 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3fa740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/transparenciave.org\/economias-ilicitas\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ECONOMIAS-ILICITAS-EN-VENEZUELACapitulo1.pdf\">DESCARGAR<br>PDF<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CAP\u00cdTULO 1 EL DECLIVE DE LA ECONOM\u00cdA FORMAL Y EL AUGE DE LAS ACTIVIDADES IL\u00cdCITAS COMPARTE Twitter Facebook Instagram Durante la mayor parte de la gestio\u0301n del presidente Hugo Cha\u0301vez (1999 \u2013 2013), el precio del petro\u0301leo venezolano se mantuvo al alza y llego\u0301 a superar los USD 100 por barril, presentando un aumento de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":304,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-303","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>EL COLAPSO DE LA ECONOM\u00cdA FORMAL EN VENEZUELA Y EL AUGE DE LAS ACTIVIDADES IL\u00cdCITAS - Trasparencia Venezuela<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El colapso de la econom\u00eda formal como consecuencia del terrible manejo de la industria petrolera y la corrupcio\u0301n campante.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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